Catholic Encyclopedia - Biography of Pope Pius IX, d. 1878. www.newadvent.org/cathen/12134b.htm
L'Osservatore Romano - Bl. Pius IX courageously served the Church in a time of upheaval: biographical article published 6 September 2000. www.petersnet.net/research/retrieve.cfm?RecNum=3091
Popes Through the Ages - Short account of the pontificate of Pope Pius IX, from the book by Joseph Brusher. www.cfpeople.org/Books/Pope/POPEp253.htm
