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Home / Society / Philosophy / Reference / Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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- A Priori - Knowledge obtained independently of experience.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/apriori.htm
- Abortion - The applied ethical issue of abortion involves a consideration of the reasons for or against terminating the life of a fetus.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/abortion.htm
- Academy - Description of the philosophical institution founded by Plato, which advocated skepticism in succeeding generations.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/academy.htm
- Active Powers - The capacities of impulse and desire which lead to or determine human action, as described by 18th and 19th century Scottish common sense philosophy.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/activepo.htm
- Aenesidemus - Biography of the 1st century philosopher who defended the ten tropes of skepticism.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/aeneside.htm
- Affection - In the history of ethics, the term referred to a subset of emotions less violent and less sensuous than "passions".
www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/affection.htm
- Anaxagoras - Greek philosopher born about 500 BCE, responsible for giving philosophy a home at Athens and the first philosopher to introduce a spiritual principle which gives matter life and form.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/anaxagor.htm
- Anaxarchus - 4th century BCE philosopher of Abdera, from the school of Democritus.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/anaxarch.htm
- Anaximander - Greek philosopher of Miletus, born 611 BCE who thought it unnecessary to fix upon air, water, or fire as the original and primary form of body.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/anaximan.htm
- Anaximenes - 5th century BCE Greek philosopher of Miletus who regarded 'air' as the primary form of body.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/anaximen.htm
- Animals and Ethics - Consideration of moral status of non-human animals.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/anim-eth.htm
- Anselm - 11th century English prelate who developed views of atonement and satisfaction which are still held by orthodox theologians.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/anselm.htm
- Antisthenes - Athenian philosopher and founder of the Cynic sect who was born around 440 BCE.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/antisthe.htm
- Applied Ethics - The branch of ethics concerned with analysis of contemporary moral issues such as abortion, animal rights, and euthanasia.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/appliede.htm
- Aquinas, Thomas - The life and work of the major figure in scholastic philosophy.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/aquinas.htm
- Aristippus - Description of the life and teachings of the philosopher Aristippus, founder of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/aristip.htm
- Aristotle - The life and work of the 4th century BCE Greek philosopher.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/aristotl.htm
- Artificial Intelligence - Describing the view that human cognitive mental states can be duplicated in computers.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/artintel.htm
- Augustine - Extensive article on the life and work of the 4th century ecclesiastical author.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/augustin.htm
- Bacon, Francis - 16th century philosopher and politician.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/bacon.htm
- Bakhtin Circle - School of Russian thought centered on the work of Bakhtin which focused on questions of signification in artistic creation.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/bakhtin.htm
- Beccaria, Cesare - 18th century aristocrat whose work 'On Crimes and Punishments (1764)' inspired reform in the Italian criminal justice system.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/beccaria.htm
- Behaviorism - Theory in philosophy of mind which maintains that talk of mental events should be translated into talk about observable behavior.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/behavior.htm
- Belief - Brief definition from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/belief.htm
- Bentham, Jeremy - Extensive article on the 18th century 'founder' of utilitarianism.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/bentham.htm
- Berkeley, George - Influential 18th century Irish philosopher.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/berkeley.htm
- Berlin Circle - Group of academics who gathered round Hans Reichenbach in late 1920s and later joined up with the Vienna Circle.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/berlinci.htm
- Best Reasons Morality - Advocates a rational search for the best reasons for or against a course of action.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/bestreas.htm
- Bolingbroke, Henry St. John - 18th century Tory disciple of Locke.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/bolingbr.htm
- Butler, Joseph - 18th century icon of a highly intellectualized theology.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/butler.htm
- Caird, Edward - Nineteenth century Scottish philosopher who was one of the key figures of the idealist movement that dominated British philosophy from 1870 until the mid 1920s.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/caird.htm
- Capital Punishment - The issue of capital punishment involves determining whether the execution of criminals is ever justified.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/capitalp.htm
- Carnap, Rudolf - Extensive article about his life and work, by Mauro Murzi.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/carnap.htm
- Categorical Imperative - The criterion of moral obligation first presented by Kant.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/catimper.htm
- Category - Used to describe fundamental divisions, was coined by Aristotle then explored by Kant, Hegel, Pierce, Whitehead, and Ryle.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/category.htm
- Chinese Room Argument - John Searle's thought experiment is one of the best known counters to claims of artificial intelligence.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/chineser.htm
- Chrysippus - Prolific stoic of Soli, and disciple of Cleanthes.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/chrysipp.htm
- Cicero, Marcus Tullius - 1st century BCE Roman orator and philosopher of the New Academy.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/cicero.htm
- Cleanthes - Stoic philosopher of Assus in Lydia, disciple of Zeno of Citium.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/cleanthe.htm
- Consequentialism - Type of normative moral theory which maintains that an action is morally right if the consequences are more favorable than unfavorable.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/conseque.htm
- Cudworth, Ralph - 17th century 'Cambridge Platonist' who fought for preservation of religious ideals, including divine illumination.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/cudwor.htm
- Cumberland, Richard - 17th century critic of Hobbes and the neo-Platonists.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/cumberla.htm
- Cyrenaics - Description of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy, which flourished from the 5th-3rd centuries BCE. The Cyrenaics were skeptics and hedonists.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/cyren.htm
- Damon - 5th century BCE Pythagorean philosopher of Syracuse.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/damon.htm
- Davidson, Donald - Introduction to one of the most significant philosophers concerned with philosophy of mind and action of the 20th/21st century.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/davidson.htm
- Deism, English - Explores the deism of Hobbes, Locke, Tindal, and the influence of Hume.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/deismeng.htm
- Deism, French - The deism of Voltaire and Rousseau.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/deismfre.htm
- Democritus - 4th century BCE philosopher of Abdera who expanded the atomic theory of Leucippus.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/democrit.htm
- Demonax - Philosopher of the second century CE. who tried to revive the philosophy of the Cynic School.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/demonax.htm
- Descartes, René - Early modern philosopher who rejected religious authority in the quest for scientific and philosophical knowledge.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/descarte.htm
- Dewey, John - Leading light of the 20th century American school of thought known as pragmatism.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/dewey.htm
- Diderot, Denis - The most prominent of the French Encyclopedists and one of the leaders of the Enlightenment.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/diderot.htm
- Diogenes Laertius - 3rd century biographer of ancient Greek philosophers.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/dioglaer.htm
- Diogenes of Apollonia - Pupil of Anaximenes and contemporary of Anaxagoras in the 6th cn. BCE.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/diogapol.htm
- Diogenes of Sinope - 4th cn. BCE cynic philosopher of Sinope.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/diogsino.htm
- Divine Command Theory - The view that moral actions are those which conform to God's will.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/divineco.htm
- Dualism - Considers the world as two elemental categories which are incommensurable. Adherents include Descartes and the 20th century philosophers Gilbert Ryle and Richard Rorty.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/dualism.htm
- Duties and Deontological Ethics - Deontological theories are based on moral obligation that an agent has towards another person.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/duties.htm
- Eastern Philosophy - Glossary of Terms compiled by James Fieser.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/eastglos.htm
- Eckhart, Meister - 13th century Dominican mystic who was almost forgotten until Franz von Baader revived his memory in the nineteenth century.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/eckhart.htm
- Eclecticism - Group of ancient philosophers who sought to reach by selection the highest degree of probability in the search for truth.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/eclectic.htm
- Egoism, Psychological and Ethical - Maintains that the individual self is the motivating moral force and the end of moral action.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/egoism.htm
- Emanation - The theory that all derived or secondary things flow from the primary.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/emanatio.htm
- Empedocles - 5th century BCE philosopher who combined medical study with Orphic mysticism.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/empedocl.htm
- Empiricism, British - 18th century British philosophical movement which maintained that all knowledge comes from experience.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/emp-brit.htm
- Encyclopedists - Group of French philosophers and men of letters who collaborated in the production of the famous Encyclopedie.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/encylop.htm
- Environmental Ethics - Topic of applied ethics examining the moral basis of responsibility.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/environm.htm
- Epictetus - Eminent Stoic philosopher, born as a slave at Hieropolis in Phyrgia in 55 CE.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/epictetu.htm
- Epicurus - 4th century BCE materialist, empiricist, and hedonist. One of the major philosophers of the Hellenistic period.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/epicur.htm
- Erasmus - 15th century Dutch humanist and theologian.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/erasmus.htm
- Euclides - 4th century BCE native of Megara, and founder of the Megarian or Eristic sect.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/euclides.htm
- Euthanasia - Contemporary applied ethical issue considering whether it is morally permissible for a third party to end the life of a terminally ill patient who is in intense pain.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/euthanas.htm
- Evolution - Introduces evolution through the ages, from the ancient Greeks, through Leibniz and Descartes to Darwin and Spencer.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/evolutio.htm
- Experience - Information obtained externally by means of the senses or internally through emotion.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/experien.htm
- External World - Brief introduction to the thoughts of Russell and Hobbes on objects outside an independent self.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/extworld.htm
- Ferrier, James Frederick - The earliest absolute idealist in English philosophy.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/f/ferrier.htm
- Fichte, Immanuel Hermann - Aimed to secure a philosophical basis for the personality of God.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/f/fichteih.htm
- Fichte, Johann Gottlieb - One of the major figures in German philosophy in the period between Kant and Hegel.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/f/fichtejg.htm
- Freud, Sigmund - Lenghty article on the father of psychoanalysis who is generally recognised as one of the most influential and authoritative thinkers of the twentieth century.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/f/freud.htm
- Functionalism - Theory in the philosophy of mind which holds that mental states are functional states.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/f/function.htm
- Galileo - Italian physicist and astronomer, born 1564.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/g/galileo.htm
- German Idealism - The German reaction to empiricism, including related theories of Kant, Fichte, Hegel and others.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/g/germidea.htm
- God, Western Philosophical Concepts of - God, from Socrates to Nietzsche.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/g/god.htm
- Gorgias - Greek sophist and rhetorician, known as "the Nihilist," born in 483 BCE.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/g/gorgias.htm
- Greek Philosophy - The philosophical currents of Ancient Greek philosophy are introduced, from the Presocratic philosophers through to Proclus.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/g/greekphi.htm
- Hamilton, William - 19th century exponent of the Scottish common-sense philosophy.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hamilton.htm
- Hartmann, Karl Robert Eduard Von - 19th century German philosopher who attempted to combine the idea of Hegel with the will of Schopenhauer in 'spiritual monism.'
www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hartmann.htm
- Hedonism - The view, first put forward by Epicurus, that our fundamental moral obligation is to maximize pleasure.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hedonism.htm
- Hegelians, St. Louis - 19th century group of amateur American philosophers founded and led by William Torrey Harris.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hstlouis.htm
- Helvetius, Claude Adrien - One of the 18th century Encyclopedists who held the skeptical and materialistic views common to that school of philosophy.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/helvetiu.htm
- Hempel, Carl Gustav - A leading member of logical positivism, the German philosopher died in 1997.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hempel.htm
- Heraclitus - 5th century BCE. Presocratic Greek philosopher.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/heraclit.htm
- Herbert of Cherbury, Edward - 17th century historian, poet (brother of George), and philosopher. Sought to determine the nature and standard of truth, and conditions of knowledge. Precursor of the philosophy of Common Sense.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/herbert.htm
- Hippias - Hippias was a sophist, a contemporary of Socrates, and an enthusiast for universality.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hippias.htm
- Hobbes, Thomas - 17th century British philosopher. Author of Leviathan (1651).
www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hobbes.htm
- Hodgson, Shadworth - Follower of Kant, founder of the Aristotelian Society.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hodgson.htm
- Humanism - Brief article on Erasmus and the Italian humanist movement.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/humanism.htm
- Hume, David - Enormously influential 18th century Scottish philosopher. Author of Treatise of Human Nature (1739-1740).
www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/humelife.htm
- Husserl, Edmund - Leader of the German phenomenological movement.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/husserl.htm
- Huxley, Thomas Henry - 19th century zoologist and advocate of Darwinism.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/huxley.htm
- Identity Theory - Form of monistic materialism which maintains that mental states and brain activities are identical.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/i/identity.htm
- Interventionism - Examines the nature and justifications of interfering with another polity or choices made by individuals.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/i/interven.htm
- Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich - 18th century German philosopher, famous for effective criticism of Kant.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/j/jacobi.htm
- Just War Theory - Some of those who have attempted to justify war include Aquinas, Grotius, and Pufendorf.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/j/justwar.htm
- Justification - A term used frequently in ethics and epistemology.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/j/justific.htm
- Leucippus - 5th century BCE founder of atomism.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/leucippu.htm
- Libraries, Ancient Greek and Roman - Describing the public libraries of Ancient Greece, and the fashion for book-collecting in Rome.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/library.htm
- Locke, John - Article on the life and work of the influential philosopher.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/locke.htm
- Lombard, Peter - French scholastic theologian of the 12th century, influenced by Abelard.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/lombard.htm
- Lotze, Rudolf Hermann - 19th century German philosopher who criticised the pantheism of Hegel.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/lotze.htm
- Lucretius - Roman poet and advocate of Epicurean philosophy.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/lucretiu.htm
- Machiavelli, Nicolo - Renaissance philosopher who remains controversial for his practical solutions to problems of how to retain political authority.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/machiave.htm
- Malebranche, Nicholas - 17th century Cartesian philosopher. Author of The Search After Truth (1674-1675).
www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/malebran.htm
- Menippus - Third century BCE Greek philosopher and satirist.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/menippus.htm
- Mill, John Stuart - 19th leader and prophet of utilitarianism, heir to the Hume-Bentham line, and influential force in modern political theory. Author of On Liberty (1859), and Utilitarianism (1863).
www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/milljs.htm
- Monism - Originally described idealists and materialists. Now the term is used for all philosophers who have a unifying theory. Those who are not monists are either dualist or pluralist.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/monism.htm
- Moral Dilemmas - Situation where only two courses of action are available, each requiring a morally impermissible action.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/m-dilemm.htm
- Moral Luck - Andrew Latus, St. Francis Xavier University, summarizes the discussion between Thomas Nagel and Bernard Williams on the question: Can luck ever make a moral difference?
www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/moralluc.htm
- Moral Philosophy - Introduction to ethics, with links to other articles at the IEP.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/ethics.htm
- Moral Rationalism - Plato was one who thought that the use of reason was essential in moral judgements. Hume criticised this view.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/m-ration.htm
- Moral Realism - The view that moral principles have an objective foundation.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/m-realis.htm
- Moral Relativism - Argument against moral absolutism, suggesting that moral standards are grounded only in social custom.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/m-relati.htm
- Moral Skepticism - The theory, supported by J.L. Mackie in Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong, that belief in objective moral principles cannot be justified.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/m-skepti.htm
- Morality and Religion - Brief article describing the influence of religion on moral philosophy.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/mor-rel.htm
- Natural Law - Standards that govern human behavior objectively derived from the nature of human beings.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/natlaw.htm
- Natural Theology - Used in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to describe knowledge of God drawn from nature.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nattheol.htm
- Naturalistic Fallacy - Moore's theory that "goodness" is an individual property which cannot be explained in terms of anything more basic.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nfallacy.htm
- Neoplatonism - The revival of Greek philosophy in 3rd century BCE, led by Plotinus and his disciple, Porphyry. Influenced by both Pythagoras and Plato.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/neoplato.htm
- Noncognitivism - In Ethical theory noncognitivism is the theory that moral utterances are neither true nor false statements about the world.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/noncogni.htm
- Objectivity - The view that the truth of a thing is independent from the observing subject.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/o/objectiv.htm
- Ockham, William of - Detailed biography of the 14th century Franciscan.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/o/ockham.htm
- Ordinary Language - Ordinary language philosophy examines the way common language is used.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/o/ordlang.htm
- Origen - Father of the early Church, born around 182.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/o/origen.htm
- Paine, Thomas - 18th century British political writer.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/paine.htm
- Paley, William - 18th century British theologian.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/paley.htm
- Parmenides - Greek philosopher and poet.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/parmenid.htm
- Perception - Way of obtaining details of our world, through the senses. Philosophers question the reliability of this information and its importance.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/percept.htm
- Peripatetics - Brief history of the Peripatetic doctrines.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/peripati.htm
- Personhood, Moral - Article on the discussion over which beings are members of the moral community.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/personho.htm
- Phenomenon - Brief introduction to the philosophers who have dealt with this.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/phenom.htm
- Plotinus - 3rd century CE founder of Neo-Platonism.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/plotinus.htm
- Pluralism - Theory that reality consists of a multiplicity of fundamentally distinct entities.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/pluralis.htm
- Poincaré, Jules Henri - 19th century French philosopher of science.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/poincare.htm
- Positivism, Legal - Theory that law is manufactured according to certain social conventions.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/legalpos.htm
- Positivism, Logical - Schlick, Carnap, Reichenbach, and others made up the Austrian school of philosophy in the 1920s, which has been influential in analysis of scientific thought.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/logpos.htm
- Prima Facie Duties - Moral obligations which are binding only until a stronger one emerges.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/primafac.htm
- Prodicus - 5th century BCE sophist, possibly a mentor of Socrates
www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/prodicus.htm
- Protagoras - Early Greek sophist.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/protagor.htm
- Pufendorf, Samuel von - 17th century Lutheran clergyman.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/pufendor.htm
- Pyrrho - 4th century BCE founder of the Greek school of skepticism.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/pyrrho.htm
- Pythagoras - The 6th century BCE philosopher.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/pythagor.htm
- Rationalism, Continental - 17th century philosophical movement. Rival to British Empiricism.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/rat-cont.htm
- Reichenbach, Hans - Leading German philosopher of science, and logical positivist.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/reichenb.htm
- Renaissance - Brief article on the transition between middle ages and modernity.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/renaiss.htm
- Rights - Advantages of status, discussed by John Locke.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/rights.htm
- Roman Philosophy - Short introduction to Roman philosophy from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/romanphi.htm
- Rousseau, Jean Jacques - 18th century French author of the Social Contract, influential during the French Revolution.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/rousseau.htm
- Rule Utilitarianism - Utilitarianism when applied to a behavioral code or rule. A rule is right if its consequences are more favorable than unfavorable.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/ruleutil.htm
- Russell's Paradox - Examines self-referential linguistics used to describe properties and sets.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/par-russ.htm
- Shaftesbury, Earl of - Patron of John Locke
www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/shaftes.htm
- Shpet, Gustav - Leading proponent of Russian transcendental phenomenology.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/shpet.htm
- Skepticism, Ancient Greek - A description of skepticism in Ancient Greece, led by Pyrrho.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/skepanci.htm
- Skepticism, Contemporary - Introduction to the current discussion of skepticism.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/skepcont.htm
- Skepticism, Modern - Review of the modern era in skepticism.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/skepmod.htm
- Social Contract - View that morality is based on social agreements that serve the interests of those who make the agreement.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/soc-cont.htm
- Solipsism - The doctrine of the solipsist is that existence means my existence and that of my mental states.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/solipsis.htm
- Solovyov, Vladimir - 19th century Russian philosopher.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/solovyov.htm
- Sophists - Teachers of philosophy in Ancient Greece, including Protagoras, Gorgias, Prodicus and Hippias.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/sophists.htm
- Spinoza, Benedict - 17th century pantheist, critic of Descartes.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/spinoza.htm
- Stephen, Leslie - 19th century British academic.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stephen.htm
- Stilpo - 4th century BCE member of the Megarean school.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stilpo.htm
- Stirling, James Hutchison - 19th century British Idealist, Hegelian academic.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stirling.htm
- Stoicism - Description of the system of ethics, popular in Ancient Greece, which has physics as its foundation.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stoicism.htm
- Subjectivity - Statements which depend on the person making the statement.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/subjecti.htm
- Sublime - Aesthetic value with the suggestion of transcendent vastness or greatness.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/sublime.htm
- Suicide - Discussion of the applied ethical issue of suicide.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/suicide.htm
- Supererogation - An action which goes beyond what is morally required.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/superero.htm
- Symposium - Drinking-parties in Ancient Greece where the guests reclined on couches, and were crowned with garlands of flowers.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/symposiu.htm
- Synderesis - Scholastic philosophy describes this as the principle in moral consciousness which directs an agent to good.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/synderes.htm
- Taste - Critical discernment of objects of aesthetic experience.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/taste.htm
- Temperance - Moderation, advocated by much of Ancient Greek and Scholastic philosophy.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/temperan.htm
- Thales - Detailed biographical essay on the Ancient Greek philosopher.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/thales.htm
- Theophrastus - Philosopher of the Peripatetic school, successor to Aristotle at the Lyceum.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/theophra.htm
- Theosophy - Detailed article on the religious, philosophic, and scientific theory of one eternal, immutable, principle, being the root of all manifestation.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/theosoph.htm
- Time - Long article about questions of time discussed throughout the history of philosophy.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/time.htm
- Timon - 3rd century BCE disciple of Pyrrho.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/timon.htm
- Totem - A term, derived from Native American, used in philosophy to describe one of a class of objects which a community regards with respect.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/totem.htm
- Tragedy - A term used in aesthetics to describe a situation where elements of pain and pleasure exist simultaneously.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/tragedy.htm
- Truth - Philosophical theories on the nature of truth, by Bradley Dowden and Norman Swartz.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/truth.htm
- Universals - The traditional problem of universals is whether and how they are independent of human perception.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/u/universa.htm
- Vienna Circle - Organised the development of logical postivism in the 1920s. Included Carnap, Feigl, Frank, Gödel, Hahn, Kraft, Neurath, Waismann. Popper and Wittgenstein also had association with the Vienna Circle.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/v/viennaci.htm
- Virtue Theory - View that morality is the development of or virtues.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/v/virtue.htm
- Voluntarism - Theory that God or the ultimate nature of reality is conceived as some form of will.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/v/voluntar.htm
- Warburton, William - 18th century Church of England bishop, and critic of the Deists.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/w/warburto.htm
- Wittgenstein, Ludwig - Detailed essay on the life and work of the 20th century philosopher.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/w/wittgens.htm
- Xenophanes - Eleatic school, powerful 6th century BCE critic of polytheism.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/x/x-phanes.htm
- Xenophon - Pupil of Socrates, who contributed to the record of his life.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/x/xenophon.htm
- Zeno of Elea - 5th century BCE Eleatic philosopher.
www.utm.edu/research/iep/z/zenoelea.htm
- The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Free online encyclopedia. Edited by James Fieser, hosted by the University of Tennessee at Martin.
www.utm.edu/research/iep
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